![]() ![]() ![]() These heavy metals become lethal when their intake is in excess and when they are not metabolised by the body and accumulate in the intra- or extracellular space of body organs. Chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg) and cobalt (Co) metallic ions are toxic even in low quantities. Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements having a higher density as compared to water. It is also defined as an undesirable change in the natural environment that has harmful effects on both animals and plants. In this review, the authors summarise the Cr (VI) source, toxicity and antioxidant defence mechanism against Cr (VI)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS).Įnvironmental contamination is defined as the elevated concentration of unwanted materials in air, water and soil beyond the permissible limit. Cr (VI)-induced oxidative stress can be neutralised by the antioxidant system in human and animal cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are responsible for oxidative tissue damage and the disruption of cell organelles, such as mitochondria, DNA, RNA and protein molecules. The reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and chromium intermediate species, such as Cr (V) and Cr (IV). The fate of the toxicity of hexavalent chromium depends on its oxidation state. It is also responsible for multiorgan damage, such as kidney damage, liver failure, heart failure, skin disease and lung dysfunction. Hexavalent chromium is widely recognised as a carcinogen and mutagen in humans and other animals. Leather, chrome plating, coal mining and paint industries are the major sources of hexavalent chromium in water. It is a widespread anthropogenic chromium species that is 100 times more toxic than trivalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium is a highly soluble environmental contaminant. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |